The Devon History Society aims to promote the advancement of the study of history within Devon by: Organising meetings, seminars and visits that aim to promote and stimulate interest in Devon's history amongst the membership, including its corporate members and affiliated societies; Regularly publishing a scholarly journal and other publications to be made available to the Society's membership; Encouraging and co-ordinating historical research amongst the membership. As part of the Society’s contribution to the encouragement of local history it awards an annual Book of the Year Prize and when thought to be of sufficiently high standard a Dissertation Prizeis awarded for a final year undergraduate dissertation on a topic related to any aspect of Devon's history by a student of a Devon university. See here for details of the 2008 winners. Membership is by subscription, the rates per annum (until May 2012) being £10 for individual members, £15 for family membership, £10 for affiliated societies, and £15 for corporate membership. Life membership is available for £100. Affiliated local history societies and other relevant organisations are welcome to use this website to publicise their events. See our Contact page for contact details, including a downloadable application form.

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Devon History Society Programme 2012

• Wednesday 7 March 2012 - Seminar. Reverend Dr Andrew Jones, priest-in-charge of the Oakmoor group of parishes: ‘Victorian North Devon – antecedents and descendants’
• Saturday 21 April 2012 - Spring Meeting hosted by Kenton Past and Present group
• Saturday 12 May 2012 - Devon History Society Conference: The Reformation in Devon
• Wednesday 27 June 2012 - Valerie Belsey: The Green Lanes of Devon
• July 2012 - Summer Meeting.
• Thursday 6 September 2012 - Introduction to the Devon Rural Archive
• Saturday 13 October 2012 - The Devon History Society AGM
• Thursday 8 November 2012 - Seminar. Jane Bliss: Local History and Biography: A case study.

Full details:

Wednesday 7 March 2012:
Seminar. Reverend Dr Andrew Jones, priest-in-charge of the Oakmoor group of parishes: ‘Victorian North Devon – antecedents and descendants’
2pm - 4pm. Henry Williamson Room, North Devon Record Office, Barnstaple (second floor of Barnstaple Library building). Tel: 01271 388619 (pay and display car park next to library).

Saturday 21 April 2012:
Spring Meeting hosted by Kenton Past and Present group. Programme and booking form with DHS spring newsletter.
10.15 – 4pm. Spring Meeting Kenton Victory Hall, Kenton, Nr Exeter, EX6 8JA

Saturday 12 May 2012:
Devon History Society Conference. THE REFORMATION IN DEVON.
First in a series of 3 annual one day conferences on religion in Devon.
Speakers include:
Professor Alexandra Walsham, University of Cambridge.
Canon Professor Nicholas Orme, Prof. Emeritus University of Exeter.
Dr Elizabeth Tingle, University of Plymouth
Mr John Allan, Exeter Archaeology.
10am – 4pm. Boniface Centre, Church Lane, Crediton, EX17 2AH.
PRINTABLE FLYER AND BOOKING FORM (1 A4 PDF page - right-click to save)

Wednesday 27 June 2012:
Valerie Belsey: The Green Lanes of Devon
The seminar will be followed by a visit to Teignmouth Common: how to recognise ancient hedgerows and see their place in the landscape in relation to present day road systems.
Exploring green lanes and the stories they tell: South and South-East Devon, fifty walks, by Valerie Belsey, was highly commended in DHS Book of the Year Awards 2009.
Meet at Teignmouth Museum at 11am. Members are invited to bring a picnic lunch. NB: maximum of places number, 20.

July 2012: Summer Meeting.
Venue and date to be announced in spring edition of the DHS newsletter.

Thursday 6 September 2012:
Introduction to the Devon Rural Archive, followed by a house history case study.
Optional tour of house and garden £8. Bring your own picnic lunch.
Archaeological features in the garden can be viewed. Look at fixtures and fittings in the refurbished house and see how they relate to the original Domesday manor on the site.
Devon Rural Archive, Shilstone, Modbury, PL21 OTW. T: 01548830832 (Booking form in spring edition of the DHS newsletter.)

Saturday 13 October 2012: The Devon History Society AGM
Venue to be decided.

Thursday 8 November 2012:
Seminar. Jane Bliss: Local History and Biography: A case study. Using sources to uncover a life story.
11am – 1pm. Venue and booking details with next DHS newsletter.

BOOKINGS: jbhistory@hotmail.co.uk Read more ...

Historical Association, Plymouth: Spring 2012

The Plymouth branch of the Historical Association has sent us its Spring 2012 programme.

HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION, PLYMOUTH BRANCH
PROGRAMME SPRING 2012

Tuesday 21st February
Britain and the Olympics: the case of the 1980 Moscow boycott
Professor Kevin Jefferys, University of Plymouth

Tuesday 28th February
Pirates and Utopia: How the Western Indian Ocean has been narrated as a Pirate Haven
Dr Stephanie Jones, University of Southampton

Tuesday 6th March
The Battle of Plymouth Hoe: Victorian science, the Mechanics' Institute and a Flat Earth theorist
Doug Watson, Plymouth University MA History research student.

Tuesday 13th March
Richard III Society Lecture: “Richard III - a bloody tyrant?”
Dr Philip Stone, Richard III Society

Tuesday 20th March
Christopher Durston Memorial Lecture: The Origins of the English Reformation Reconsidered
Professor Peter Marshall, University of Warwick

This is a joint programme in collaboration with the History Department at the University of Plymouth. All meetings start at 7.00 p.m., and are held in Theatre 2, Roland Levinsky Building, University of Plymouth.

Meetings are open to all, and are free for national or local members of the Historical Association, for University of Plymouth staff & students. Visitor tickets £5, concessions £3. Local membership rates: Individual membership: £6; Family membership: £10; Student membership: £3

For more details, see the Historical Association, Plymouth, website: www.ha-plymouth.org.uk

- RG Read more ...

Wembury Local History Society: 2012 Programme

Wembury History Society has sent us its programme for 2012.

WEMBURY LOCAL HISTORY SOCIETY
PROGRAMME FOR 2012

Thursday January 19th: UPDATE & ‘GEMS’ FROM THE RECORD OFFICE’
TONY DAVEY, Community Engagement Officer - Plymouth Public Records Office
Followed by AGM

Thursday February 16th: ‘ INVENTORS & SCIENTIFIC HEROES OF DEVON’
ADAM HART-DAVIS, Photographer, Writer, Broadcaster
Members of the Public welcome - £2 entry

Thursday March 15th: ‘THE TAMAR BRIDGE’
DAVID LIST, General Manager Tamar Bridge & Torpoint Ferry Joint Committee

Thursday April 19th: ‘MURDER MOST FOUL - DID HE DO IT?’
JILL DRYSDALE, Member of Friends of Devon’s Archives

Thursday May 17th: ‘PUBLIC HEALTH IN VICTORIAN PLYMOUTH’
IAN HODGINS, GP, Researcher for Ford Park Cemetery

Thursday June 21st: WALK - ‘KNIGHTON TO WEST WEMBURY’ (information later).
ROBERT ROWLAND, Local Farmer & Historian

Thursday July 19th: WALK - ‘SUTTON HARBOUR’ (information later)
NIGEL OVERTON, Maritime Heritage Officer - Plymouth City Museum & Art Gallery

Thursday September 20th, ‘WEMBURY DOCK - THE PORT THAT NEVER WAS’
DAVID PINDER, Wembury Local History Society

Thursday October 18th ‘NEWSPAPERS & FAMILY HISTORY’
JANET HENWOOD, Member of Devon Family History Society

Thursday November 15th: ‘CHRISTMAS IN DEVON 1500 – 2012’
TODD GRAY, Chairman of Friends of Devon’s Archives

ALL MEETINGS are held in the War Memorial Hall (Village Hall), Barton Close, Wembury.
Starting at 7.30pm. New Members welcome - £7 per year. Visitors – £2.00 entry.

Coordinator: David Pinder, Ramoulhaus, Traine Road, Wembury,PL9 0EW, (863304) david.pinder3@googlemail.com
Secretary: Sue Johnston, 11 Highfield Drive, Wembury PL9 0EX (863252) laurenceclass1@aol.com
Treasurer: Robert Rowland, Traine Farm, Traine Road, Wembury PL9 0EW (862264) traine.cottages@btopenworld.com
Programme Sec. & Enquiries: Anne Tolley, 5 Brownhill Lane, Wembury PL9 0JQ (862445)
Membership Sec.: Peter Tolley, 5 Brownhill Lane, Wembury PL9 0JQ (862445) Read more ...

Museum of Dartmoor Life: Oral History Day

The Museum of Dartmoor Life in Okehampton sent us details of its Oral History Training Day on Tuesday 24th January.

Oral History - Getting Started and Next Steps
Tuesday 24th January, 10.30am - 3.30pm,
Museum of Dartmoor Life, 3 West Street, Okehampton EX20 1HQ.

Training day with Oral History specialist Marilyn Tucker and professional recording technician Paul Tucker including how to interview, how to document interviews, legal and moral issues, what to do with recordings made, modern recording equipment and how to use it. The day will be of particular interest to those working with older people, and to those wishing to research particular communities, working practices, agricultural change, or lifestyles and experiences. No prior experience is needed, and the training day is open to all adults. The venue has disabled access.

£60 per person includes hot drinks and lunch - advance booking essential. PayPal / cards at www.wrenmusic.co.uk or cheque to Wren, 1 St James Street, Okehampton EX20 1DW. Please notify any dietary or access requirements, tel: 01837 53754 or email admin@wrenmusic.co.uk

- RG Read more ...

DRA: Escot talk, 2nd February

The Devon Rural Archive sent us news of its forthcoming talk Escot: The fall and rise of a country estate, to be held on the evening of Thursday 2nd February.

Escot: The fall and rise of a country estate.
An illustrated talk by John-Michael Kennaway
Thursday 2nd February 2012 @ 7pm

Escot House, in the midst of a twelve hundred acre estate in East Devon has had an extensive but dramatic history stretching back many hundreds of years. Although the earliest reference to Escot is from the mid thirteenth century little is known about the estate until the late seventeenth century when the renowned architect Robert Hooke constructed a new house for Sir Walter Yonge. During this time the extensive parkland was also laid out by Capability Brown. Uninsured, the house burnt to the ground in 1808 and was not rebuilt until 1838 when the Kennaway Family engaged Henry Roberts to design a new house. War, the intrusion of the Exeter to London Railway and the creation of the A30 took their toll on the estate but in spite of its turbulent past it is now a flourishing centre of rural enterprise.

In this illustrated talk, John-Michael Kennaway explains how, over the last 30 years he and his wife Lucy have resurrected Escot from near metaphorical ashes, through diversification whilst restoring and preserving the history of the Estate.

Booking is advisable, tickets are £5 and available in advance from the DRA, the price includes refreshments available from 6.30pm when doors open.

The Devon Rural Archive is at Shilstone, Modbury. For further information and directions, see the DRA website.

- RG Read more ...

Wistman's Wood

The Western Morning News on December 27th carried an interesting article by Martin Hesp on Wistman's Wood, near Two Bridges, Dartmoor.

Continuing our series on the region’s forests, Martin Hesp has been to magical Wistman’s Wood.

If for some reason I could only visit one single woodland while researching this entire series about the region's forests, I'd choose Wistman's Wood.

- Bouldery wilderness has mysterious qualities, WMN, December 27th 2011.

Wistman's Wood in winter, by Alex Jane
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license.

Wistman's Wood is a remarkable stunted oak copse on Dartmoor, one of  a handful of relicts of the moor's original high-level woodlands. As you can see the from image, the trees grow between moss-covered boulders, and the wood is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and National Conservation Review site. I fancy visiting in the summer, when it does look just about feasible to make a day trip by cross-Dartmoor bus (it's a short walk from Two Bridges). Check out Wistman's Wood ("A study of this ancient miniature oak woodland on Dartmoor, by Andrew Westcott") for a good overview.

It's deservedly much-photographed - see Google images - but has been a site of interest for centuries, in large part due to its unusual landscape attracting a deal of folklore about druids and fairies. The Wistman's Wood page at the Legendary Dartmoor site summarises, with a sampler of historical accounts and the literature it has inspired. It appears in hundreds of 19th century accounts; the one in a letter to Robert Southey in Anna Eliza Bray's 1838 Traditions, legends, superstitions, and sketches of Devonshire is probably the most comprehensive exposition of the 19th century view on its mythology.

One celebrity visitor was the Lympstone-based author Eden Phillpotts, who described its autumn scenery in his 1903 My Devon Year:

Guarded by great hills that fold each upon the other and fade into distance; set in granite and briar, brake-fern and the nodding wood-rush, Wistman's Wood lies basking under September sunshine to the song of Dart. Upon a south-facing slope the hoary dwarfs that go to make this forest grow, and each parent oak of the ancient throng was old before the Conquest. Time and fire have slain, yet the little forest plays its part in the spring splendour of every year, in the leafy and musical hours of high Summer, and in autumnal pageants as the centuries roll. Here, under the Dartmoor hills to-day, sunshine kisses the granite to silver, brightens each withered and distorted trunk, makes the leaf shine, and sets rowan berries glowing through the ambient green. These aged oaks lack not virility, for I see their ancient crowns besprinkled with bright leaflets of the second Spring, with tufts of ruddy foliage, like smiles on the face of frosty age.

Fruit, too, is borne, and the acorns, flattened somewhat within their cups, are healthy and sweet enough; so the legend that Wistman's harvest is sterile may be easily disproved from the place itself; for quick eyes, peering here within the tangle of undergrowth, or amid the deep interstices of the stony avalanche from which this forest rises, shall find infant trees ascending to the sapling stage, in full vigour of promise. Others there are of larger growth, and one may discover oaks at all ages, from the tiny seedling sprung of last year's acorn to the patriarch that was a sapling when the she-wolf made her home here and killed the stone-man's cattle by night. Mice and birds convey the acorns to great distances from the wood, and upon adjacent heaths, a mile from their birthplace, I have found the husks of the fruit.

Granite and oak are clothed with lichens of a colour exactly similar, and to the imagination, seen thus jagged and grey together, one appears as enduring as the other. The old trees, whose average height is scarcely fifteen feet, are distorted, cramped, twisted, and knotted by time. Their mossy limbs, low spread, make a home for the bilberry, whose purple fruit ripens beside the acorns; for the polypody that fringes each gnarled limb with foliage; for the rabbits, who leap from the stones to the flat boughs spread upon them; and for the red fox, who, sunning himself in some hollow of moss and touchwood, wakes, as a wanderer assails his ear or nose, and vanishes, like a streak of cinnamon light, into the depths of the wood. Here, too, the adder rears her brood; the crow, with intermittent croak, flies heavily; a little hawk, poised in the sky, seeks the lizard below, or the young plover in the marsh upon the hills.

A great hush and peace brood over Wistman's Wood to-day. As yet, but one pinch of Autumn has transformed the leaf, reddened the briar, or powdered the fern with gold. In the hollows a diamond dew still sparkles though the hour is noon, and the sweet, sharp breath of September whispers along the wood. Still every ancient crown wears the deep green of Summer, and a stray honeysuckle blossoms, though its berries are turning scarlet; but the tender, white corydalis and other flowers of Summer have vanished; the wood-rush has its sharp leaves amber-pointed; the heather fades; and the wrinkled wood-sage likewise wanes away.

Below there races Dart, cherry-coloured after a freshet. Her foam flashes and twinkles, her glassy planes image the sun in stars and beams, and she signals to the old wood above and laughs, herself older than the oaks yet blessed with the eternal youth of flowing waters. Far away, beyond the granite mass of Crow Tor moorwards, a darkness lies upon the hill and moves not. There Western Dart is born, and bubbles and trickles through the sponges of peat from wells deep hidden beneath them. Very musical amid these echoing gorges she winds by granite stairways; and above her, on the huge hillbosoms of grey and sunlit green, acres of dead grassblades weave a veil over the living herbage—a veil that changes with every magic light from dawn or midday, from sunset, or the radiance of the moon. Here great cloud-shadows roll and spread, deepen and die, climb the steep, breast the stone, and adorn each undulation with flying garments, that vary in their texture from opacity of royal purple to the film and dream-colour of brief hazes drawn between earth and sun. Now the distance shines golden in a frame of shade; anon darkness spreads to the blue horizon, and the river and adjacent hills are all aglow; then light and shadow dislimn and interlimn upon the great heaths and hills. Detail, invisible in sunshine, wakes over the scattered stone, and sphagnum-clad bogs gleam under cloud-shadows, while elsewhere, as the veil is torn away and the light bathes all again, new visions of rounded elevations, wild places, and solitary stones start into sight upon each sunny plane. Detail of the spring gorse, now jade-green; flame of the autumnal furze; light of the ling; feast of tones and undertones; mosaic of all tawny and rufous colours are here; and the scene changes its hue beneath each shadow, even as the river's song changes its cadence at the pressure of the breeze, waxing and waning fitfully.

The wood of Wistman partakes of these many harmonies—adds its sudden green to the hillside— lies there a home of mystery, a cradle of legend, a thing of old time, unique and unexampled, save in Devon itself, all England over.

View Larger Map - the wood is about mile north of the map pin.

- RG Read more ...

Hugh Downman, Exeter doctor and poet

A testimonial about Dawlish in 19th century travelogues leads to an interesting Devon character, Dr Hugh Downman.

I was recently interested in a section of verse by a Dr Downman in praise of the curative properties of Dawlish ...

O Dawlish, though unclassic be thy name,
By every muse unsung ; should, from thy tide,
To keen poetic eyes alone reveal'd,
From the cerulean bosom of the deep,
(As Aphrodite rose of old) appear
Health's blooming goddess, and benignant smile
On her true votary; not Cythera's fame,
Not Eryx, nor the laurel boughs that wav's
On Delos, erst Apollo's natal soil,
However warm, enthusiastic youth
Dwelt on these seats enamour'd, shall to me
Be half so dear. To thee will I consign
Often the timid virgin to thy pure
Encircling waves; to thee will I consign
The feeble matron ; or the child on whom
Thou mayest bestow a second happier birth
From weakness into strength. And should I view,
Unfetter'd, with the firm sound judging mind,
Imagination to return array 'd
In her once glowing rest, to thee my lyre
Shall oft be tun'd, and to thy Nereids green,
Long, long unnotic'd in their haunts retir'd.
Nor will I cease to prize thy lovely strand,
Thy towering cliffs, nor the small babbling brook,
Whose shallow current laves thy thistled vale.

... that's quoted in a number of 19th century gazetteers such as Feltham's 1813 A guide to all the watering and sea-bathing places; with a description of the lakes; a sketch of a tour in Wales; and itineraries, by the editor of The picture of London; Cooke's 1817 Topographical and statistical description of the county of Devon; Dugdale's 1819 The New British Traveller;and Woolmer's 1821 A concise account of the city of Exeter: its neighbourhood, and adjacent watering places, being an interesting companion for all persons residing at, or resorting to this ancient city : presenting a familiar narrative of its history from the earliest period, together with a variety of particular occurrences and anecdotes, compiled from the best authorities.

None of these books explain the context of the source, the 1776 poem, Infancy, which turns out not to be a work of topographic or romantic poetry, but to be a medical treatise on baby and toddler care in verse - Infancy, or, The management of children: a didactic poem in three books - by Hugh Downman, MD, a well-respected Exeter doctor. It's online at Google Books or the Internet Archive, which has the 1809 six-book edition printed by Trewmans of Exeter (ID infancyormanage00downgoog).

It's not easy reading as a  poem, but there's a good summary in this paper: Hugh Downman, MD (1740–1809) of Exeter and his poem on infant care (P M Dunn, Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2003;88:F253-F254 doi:10.1136/fn.88.3.F253). From the account of the author, Professor Dunn of the Department of Child Health, University of Bristol, Infancy looks a sensible and enlightened work, that stresses breastfeeding, proper examination, avoidance of superstition, and the importance of smallpox inoculation. The paper also has a brief biography of the Devon-born Downman, whose family included his admiral nephew Hugh Downman and the artist John Downman A.R.A. WHK Wright's 1896 West-Country Poets has a fuller biography and bibliography:

HUGH DOWNMAN, M.D. was the son of Hugh Downman, of Newton House, St. Cyrus, Exeter, and was educated at the Exeter Grammar School. He entered Balliol College, Oxford, 1758, proceeded B.A. 1763, and was ordained in Exeter Cathedral the same year. His clerical prospects being very small, he went to Edinburgh to study medicine, and boarded with Thomas Blacklock. In 1768 he published The Land of the Muses; a Poem in the Manner of Spenser, by H. D. In 1769 he visited London, for hospital practice, and in 1770, after proceeding M.A. at Jesus College, Cambridge, he practiced medicine at Exeter, where he married the daughter of Dr. Andrew. A chronic complaint, in 1778, compelled him to retire for a time. His best-known poem, Infancy; or, The Management of Children, was published in three separate parts, in 1774, 1775, 1776; a seventh edition was issued in 1809. In 1775 appeared The Drama, An Elegy written under a Gallow, The Soliloquy, etc. During his retirement he also published Lucius Junius Brutus, in five acts (1779); Belisarius, played in Exeter Theatre for a few nights; and Editha, a Tragedy (1784), founded on a local incident, and performed for sixteen nights. These plays appeared in one volume, as Tragedies by H. Downman, M.D., Exeter, 1792. He also published Poems to Thespia (1781), and The Death-Song of Ragnar Lodbrach, translated from the Latin of Olaus Wormius (1781). He was one of the translators of an edition of Voltaire's Works, in English. In 1791 he published Poems, second edition, comprising the Land of the Muses. He was also a contributor to Polwhele's Collections of the Poetry of Devon and Cornwall.

Downman seems to have resumed medical practice at Exeter about 1790, and in 1796 he founded there a literary society of twelve members. A volume of the essays was printed [Essays by a society of gentlemen, at Exeter, 1796], and a second is said to exist in manuscript. In 1805 Downman finally relinquished his practice, on account of ill-health, and in 1808 the literary society was discontinued. He died at Alphington, near Exeter, September 23, 1809, with the reputation of an able and humane physician and a most amiable man. Two years before he died, an anonymous editor collected and published the various critical opinions and complimentary verses on his poems, Isaac D'Israeli (1792) being among them.

- pp 158-159, West-Country Poets, WHK Wright, 1896: Internet Archive ID westcountrypoet00wriggoog

- RG (finding credits to Weird Materialism) Read more ...

North Devon Athenæum press photo archive online

The North Devon Journal recently carried news of the completion of the North Devon Athenæum's project to digitise 6000 images from its 1950s North Devon Journal collection.

Taking a digital trip down memory lane (December 15th) reports:

For decades a treasure trove of photographs of North Devon has lain untouched in cupboards and store rooms.

They are the surviving record of an age of photography receding fast in the new digital age.

Some were accidentally dumped, others have suffered from breakage and damp.

But thousands were preserved, more were rescued, and now they are seeing the light of day again.

...

Now the North Devon Athenaeum has opened a collection of 6,000 digitised pictures made from the negatives covering a decade from 1949.

Thanks to a grant from the Bideford Bridge Trust, the entire collection has at long last completed the digital process.

Massive interest in archive of negatives reports briefly on the response. The collection of press photos, digitised from glass slide negatives, is searchable from the North Devon Athenæum home page, and returns medium-resolution index images.

As its site describes, the North Devon Athenaeum was founded in 1888 by the local philanthropist William Frederick Rock to replace the Barnstaple Literary and Scientific Institute he had set up in 1845, and designed to be a free library and museum for the local area. It has since diversified to become a wide-ranging research resource and service for local and family history, with a large general collection, with specific archives including the North Devon Journal Archive, the Harding Collection (left by the antiquarian, Lt. Col. Harding), the John Gay Collection, and the William Richard Lethaby Collection.

The Athenæum's full catalogue is also online.

- RG Read more ...

RAMM reopens

After four years in refurbishment, Exeter's Royal Albert Memorial Museum & Art Gallery reopened to the public on Thursday, December 15th 2011.

RAMM's news release, The wait is finally over, announced the reopening by Council Leader Pete Edwards and special guests Maisy Arthur and Frank Potter.

The project, which required the construction of an off-site storage facility, the Ark, for storage of the collections during renovation, ran two years over schedule, and considerably over-budget, due to the discovery of a badly-filled Norman ditch threatening the stability of part of the building.

Fully refurbished, the Museum has new displays showcasing the collections and collectors that have helped RAMM to become one of Britain’s finest regional museums. They tell the story of Exeter and Devon from the prehistoric to the present but, more than a local museum, its internationally important world cultures and natural history collections also tell a story of global exploration and collecting in the 18th and 19th centuries.

The splendid Victorian building has been repaired, refurbished and extended preparing it for the 21st century. RAMM is open 10am to 5pm every day except Mondays and bank holidays and entry is still free!

See the official RAMM website: rammuseum.org.uk.

- RG Read more ...